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Knowing that the distance from the outer part of Earth’s core to the top of the Gutenberg layer is the same as the diameter of the core, you can tell that convection within that space is virtually circular. It is one of those ideas becoming clear in a fraction of a second. After that we just need to work through the details to find out new things about Earth.

It is logical that convection that has been going on for billions of years has identical height and breadth. By adhering throughout to the same principle of identical height and breadth of convection rolls within every layer, and then a perfect horizontal path shaped by the Coriolis Effect, the interior of the Earth had been mapped.

Therefore it is possible to provide endless examples about wonders of the world.

It is easy to learn step by step. Step 1: In the upper most 120 km of the Earth, no convection takes place. The brittle layer of continents is thick, while the brittle layer of oceans is thinner. The ductile layer below works as a buffer, always adjusting the total thickness of a tectonic plate to 120 km.

So let us have a look at a drawing:

All the Eart’s surface is of that total thickness. The division line between brittle and ductile part is called the Moho discontinuity. The 120 km discontinuity divides the tectonic plates from the convective under-layer.

Step 2: Looking a bit further down it looks like this, with the two upper most layers of convection:

Step 3: Learn how these rolls extend over the whole Earth!

Step 4: Realize what the regular pattern of mantle convection rolls looks like 🙂

These rolls can be compered with the upper and lower currents of the ocean, and the upper and lower part of the troposphere of our atmosphere. Therefore it was possible to derive the exact shape and position of these rolls.

The large convection cells within the Earth according to analysis of a model where rolls are formed with identical height and breadth. S-America and Indonesia are ‘mirrored’:

This amazing fact can be elaborated on in countless ways. Let us compare two points:

These pictures show how the coasts of S-America and Papua follow the same trend. The trend can be calculated as for horizontal forces at 0° latitude, about 12.5° compared with EW-axis. As the red arrow show, identical tectonic features appear exactly the same distance away from the division point of convection rolls at equator, marked with yellow position pin of Google map inside the red circles.

Finland is a country of lakes. The glacier of the ice age did dig out these sites of peaceful surroundings. One can easily find a certain direction many of the lakes follow. Calculating according to Coriolis Effect the path of mantle convection rolls fits exactly to this alignment. This can be shown on the base of a Google map:

It is just amazing how accurately these calculations fit for tectonics and topography.

This can be calculated because the convection rolls sway according to the difference of rotation speed of the Earth from one latitude to another in a perfectly regular way. This is the same effect as governs the path of wind and sea currents. The mantle under Finland has made way for the glacier in harmony with the alignment of convection rolls.

The largest shield volcanoes on Earth and Mars are exactly on the same latitude (18.6°N). Mauna Loa, Loihi and other volcanoes of Hawaii and the huge Olympus on Mars are found there. Let us compare the planets accordingly:

I got this map of Mars from http://mapgame.wikia.com/wiki/File:Mars_map.jpg

Of course this is an indication that Earth and Mars have hot spots formed in an identical way. Planets should have a tendency to form the same kind of convection rolls system.

This comparison fits also quite clearly for Ascraeus Mons, another shield volcano on the next convection rolls division line east of Olympus. Anyway, someone familiar with geology on the planet Mars could make this comparison.

If the convection cells systems for Earth and Mars are identical, the grid lines of longitude for Mars have been shifted about 22° to the east, as can be seen on the picture above.

To keep our feet on the ground, here is a picture from Hawaii. This also happened on Mars billions of years ago.

Looking at waterfalls is wonderful. We can also try to get some insight into the real background of these special sites, visited by so many people.

The Niagara Falls begin with a gentle slope in Niagara River. It follows the calculations:

This is achieved by direct calculation, which means that the upper most part of Niagara is aligned i the same way as the convection rolls of the mantle underneath.

The tectonics of the waterfall itself can also be calculated:

There is a reason for this proportion, namely balance between convection cell alignment and the tectonic EW-axis in the area.

The EW-axis even appears quite clearly:

Agree? OK then 🙂

The difference between the angles of tectonic lines becomes 19°, that is 1/4 of the angle of convection rolls compared with the EW-axis.

It is a coincidence that the tectonics of the Golden Waterfall in Iceland are also calculated in this way.

Complicated? Geology, geophysics, tectonics… these are quite difficult subjects. What I am showing here is almost embarrassingly simple in comparison to many things found in basic textbooks of those subjects. This is new, and the work leading to these calculations was complicated, but not using the method once it is here is very easy.