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The Amazon basin is aligned predominantly west–east, and the Amazon estuary lies on the Equator. According to the convection-rolls model, this estuary is situated on a major downwelling division line between large lower-mantle convection rolls.

In addition, 30° westward along the Equator from the Amazon estuary lies the west coast of South America, where a deep oceanic trench is present. This trench corresponds to another division line of large scale lower mantle convection rolls associated with the implications of uppermost mantle convection rolls of the asthenosphere.

South America spans roughly 30° of longitude along the Equator, from the Amazon estuary to the Pacific margin. This is followed by an approximately 60° longitudinal span along the Equator across the Atlantic Ocean to Africa (with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the middle, and therefore we have two 30° steps across the ocean), and then a further 30° span from the west coast of Africa to the Great Rift Valley. At each of these longitudinal intervals, a division line between major lower-mantle convection rolls can be identified.

The Amazon River, marked approximately by a blue line, closely follows the equatorial parallel and appears to be structurally guided by this deep mantle boundary. This spatial correspondence suggests that large-scale mantle convection geometry exerts a first-order control on continental-scale river systems, plate boundaries, and major tectonic features.

The SE edge of Vatnajökull is lineray oriented to the NE from Öræfajökull Volcano. This edge is formed by a line of mountains, which ar found above the easternmost up-welling mantle division lines crossing the country in that direction. Geothermal heat is found in the valleys, and the more the glacier retreats, the more has been found.

The calculated division line coincides with the mountains forming the edge of the glacier. It has been found that the number of dikes is high in the area and geothermal activity quite appearent. This up-welling, along the upper most line of 120 km depth, and the third layer as well farther down (below 265 km) is also up-welling, and almost coincides with convection layer 1, adds to the effect.

Vatnajökull: https://www3.uef.fi/documents/640649/725289/NEED+V_New+Geo+Review.pdf/273c6abe-cf05-4c36-92cb-a5cc3fdaf930

Iceland and Hawaii are both located on large scale division lines of lower mantle. That explains the volcanic activity within both areas. This can be found because convection rolls of equal hight and width fit into the layer, and the horizontal curvature of the rolls can be calculated.

The red curved lines show up-welling division between large scale convection rolls, spanning 30° from east to west. The blue curved lines show down-welling division between large scale convection rolls. Iceland and Hawaii are both found on such up-welling lines. This is the most basic feature of the convection rolls system.

The large convection rolls, spanning 30° from east to west, rule the main trend of tectonic drift. But the smaller rolls above, spanning 1.5° from east to west, make it more complicated. The Great Rift Valley of Africa is located above a main division line of up-welling within the lower mantle. At equator, the difference between convergent and divergent small scale rolls can be examined.

The red lines show the different points, one local diverging point, one large scale diverging point which is at the same time a local converging point. This seems controversial, but is an inherent factor of the convection rolls system.

Scandinavia is marked by one convection roll of lower mantle. The coast of Norway is the down-welling side, and the up-welling is found east of the White Sea and Finland.

As Iceland is one of the Scandinavian countries, the system of a pair of rolls, with down-welling in the middle, more and less marks the area.

For those really interested, the middle of the Scandinavian Peninsula, and all Iceland, are found within an intersection zone of two different convection rolls, although closely related to each other. The rolls reaching from equator meet the rolls extending to the North Pole.

But for the sake of simplicity, this is the picture we should comprehend at first. Also, please note that this is found within a 3D globe, but this is an over-simplified 2D drawing 🙂